Culture
Easily grown in average, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun. Becomes weedy and sparse with diminished flowering performance if not grown in full sun. Does poorly in wet, poorly draining conditions. Will adapt to clay soil if properly amended. In USDA Zones 5 and 6, this plant will often die to the ground in winter and therefore is often grown therein in the manner of an herbaceous perennial. Even if plants do not die to the ground in winter, they often grow more vigorously, produce superior flowers and maintain better shape if cut close to the ground in late winter each year. Prompt removal of spent flower spikes during the growing season will usually encourage continued bloom until frost. This shrub will naturalize, sometimes aggressively, by self-seeding (seed dispersed by wind), particularly in areas where it does not die back in winter. Where self-seeding is a potential problem, remove spent flower clusters prior to formation/disbursement of seed.
Noteworthy Characteristics
Buddleja davidii, commonly called butterfly bush, is a deciduous shrub that is native to thickets on mountain slopes, limestone outcrops, forest clearings and rocky stream banks in China. It typically grows to 6-12’ (less frequently to 15’) tall with a spread to 4-15’ wide when not killed back by cold winter temperatures. It is noted for its bushy habit, arching stems, showy/fragrant flowers and vigorous growth. It has escaped gardens and naturalized in the eastern U.S. plus Washington, Oregon, California and Hawaii. It has been declared a noxious weed in Oregon and Washington. Aggressive spreading has been observed in a number of eastern states including Pennsylvania, New Jersey, West Virginia, Kentucky and North Carolina.
Spike-like terminal and axillary flower clusters bloom from early to late summer, sometimes to first frost. Flowers are densely clustered in showy cone-shaped panicles from 6-18” long. In the wild, straight species flowers are lilac to purple with orange-yellow throats. Numerous named cultivars have been introduced over the years, expanding the range of flower colors to include pinks, yellows, whites and reds. Flowers (each to ½” long) are mildly fragrant, and, as the common name suggests, very attractive to butterflies. Flowers are also very attractive to hummingbirds and bees. Flowers give way to two-valved seed capsules that split open when ripe (about 50 seeds per capsule). Finely toothed, elliptic to lanceolate leaves (6-10” long) taper to long points. Leaves are sage green above and white tomentose beneath.
Genus name honors the Reverend Adam Buddle (1660-1715), English botanist and vicar of Farmbridge in Essex.
The genus name is frequently listed today as Buddleia. However, Linnaeus named the genus Buddleja (pronounced with a silent “j”) which is still considered to be the proper spelling (first name survives) according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
Specific epithet honors Pere Armand David (1826-1900), French missionary and naturalist, who found this species growing in China in 1869/1870 along the border of China and Tibet.
Common name refers to the plant being very attractive to butterflies.
ADONIS BLUE is a dwarf butterfly bush that has been introduced into commerce as part of the English Butterfly Series developed by Elizabeth Keep of East Malling, England. Plants in this series (see also PEACOCK and PURPLE EMPEROR) are noted for producing large flower clusters on dense, well-branched shrubs that are 1/2 to 1/3 the size of typical B. davidii plants. ADONIS BLUE is an upright shrub that grows to 3-5’ tall and as wide. Spike-like terminal and axillary clusters (to 8-10” long) of dark blue flowers bloom from June to September and sometimes to first frost. Flowers are mildly fragrant.
Problems
No serious insect or disease problems. Watch for spider mites. Nematodes can be troublesome in the South.
Uses
Provides excellent summer to fall flowers when few other shrubs are in bloom. Best grown in borders, cottage gardens, rose gardens or butterfly gardens. Foundations. Popular fresh cut flower. Usually does not make a good single specimen shrub.
A small cultivar for a compact corner of the landscape.